Identifying, classifying, and analyzing arguments in legal discourse has been a prominent area of research since the inception of the argument mining field. However, there has been a major discrepancy between the way natural language processing (NLP) researchers model and annotate arguments in court decisions and the way legal experts understand and analyze legal argumentation. While computational approaches typically simplify arguments into generic premises and claims, arguments in legal research usually exhibit a rich typology that is important for gaining insights (...) into the particular case and applications of law in general. We address this problem and make several substantial contributions to move the field forward. First, we design a new annotation scheme for legal arguments in proceedings of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) that is deeply rooted in the theory and practice of legal argumentation research. Second, we compile and annotate a large corpus of 373 court decisions (2.3M tokens and 15k annotated argument spans). Finally, we train an argument mining model that outperforms state-of-the-art models in the legal NLP domain and provide a thorough expert-based evaluation. All datasets and source codes are available under open lincenses athttps://github.com/trusthlt/mining-legal-arguments. (shrink)

Multiple selves is a conventional assumption in behavioural welfare economics for modelling intrapersonal well-being. Yet an important question is which self has normative authority over others. In this paper, we advance an argument for what we call the ‘ontological approach’ to personal identity in behavioural welfare economics. According to this approach, ethical questions – such as which preference should be granted normative authority over another – can be informed by the ontological criterion of personal persistence, which aims at determining what (...) it takes for an individual to persist from one time to another. (shrink)

We find here a translation for the first time of the sanskrit philosophical work entitled Pancaprakriya which belongs to the relatively early Advaita Vedanta thinker Sarvajnatman and a thematic analysis of the contents of that work. The Pancaprakriya is a menual of Advaita Vedanta philosophy of language which for Sarcajnatman is reduced to the discernment of the proper meaning of certain great Upanisadic statements or mahavakyss such as Iam Brahman and That thou art. Through the approprition of such a proper (...) understanding which resorts to the secondary of implied usafe of language the qualifies striver after enlghtenment obtains release from bondage int he world. (shrink)

We reconstruct the group action in the group configuration theorem. We apply it to show that in an ω-categorical theory a finitely based pseudolinear regular type is locally modular, and the geometry associated to a finitely based locally modular regular type is projective geometry over a finite field.

This study analyzes the adoption and performance implications of two certified management standards in Mexico. Basing our predictions on strategic balance theory we find that those firms seeking for higher levels of differentiation or legitimacy show inferior environmental performance that firms demonstrating higher strategic balance.

Theory of Mind(ToM) is a neurocognitive system that allows the perceiver to attribute mental states, such as intentions, beliefs, or feelings, to others’ actions. The aim of the present work is to analyse the engagement of the ToM system in communication, in particular, in communicative intention processing. To this aim, we propose anIntention Processing Network(IPN) with its own principles and mechanisms, that is, a brain network differentially engaged according to the complex intertwining of the context, goal, and action involved. According (...) to our IPN model, a set of brain regions of the ToM system (i.e. left and right temporoparietal junction, precuneus, and medial prefrontal cortex) are differentially involved in comprehending different types of intention, such as private or social intentions. We provide independent and convergent evidence on the role of the IPN model in communicative intention processing and we show that the engagement of the IPN does not depend upon the communicative means used, that is, written language, auditory language, or gesture. Evidence deriving from different experimental paradigms, including neuroimaging, lesion, neurodegenerative, and brain stimulation studies are discussed. In our view, this evidence establishes a link between ToM and pragmatics studies and suggests the role of intention processing as a core feature of human communication. (shrink)

En una de sus formulaciones más simples, la tesis quineana de la equivalencia empírica entre teorías sostiene que dada una teoría T que dé cuenta del conjunto de observaciones O, es posible que haya otra teoría T* lógicamente incompatible con T, pero empíricamente equivalente, i. e. da cuenta del mismo conjunto O de observaciones. El propósito de este ensayo será el de examinar el impacto de esta tesis frente a la del realismo científico ingenuo, reformulándola en términos más precisos y (...) examinando su plausibilidad. La conclusión será que la tesis de la equivalencia empírica no es una tesis lógico-filosófica como aquellas sobre las que se basa (subdeterminación de las teorías por la experiencia, holismo epistemológico), sino que su carácter es práctico y condiciona sobre las actuales capacidades para observar y testar; también se explotará esta consecuencia para mostrar cómo podría darse cabida a un tipo de realismo a pesar de las tesis quineanas. Se tendrá como referente el artículo de W. V. O. Quine “On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World” (1975). (shrink)

This paper tries to propose a reading focused mainly on some of Foucault’s late works, developed since the first volume of his Histoire de la sexualité, from 1976. The aim of our reading tends to note that the distance between Foucault and Deleuze, even marked in an explicit rupture after the publication of that book, is not so much due to Foucault's “fascination” with power, or to his peremptory challenge of desire and its leakage power, or its supposed abandonment of (...) the detailed analysis of dispositifs. According to our reading, the distance taken by Deleuze will account, in this impasse, for the possibility of a resistance that is not exerted on dispositifs and power formations, and that projects the problem of power towards differents ways of life, according to a logic of modulation of life, very similar to that outlined by Foucault in his later years, and creating a singular consonance between both projects of thought. (shrink)

El artículo presenta fundamentalmente un análisis sobre el concepto de la sabiduría y la belleza, desde la experiencia teológica del pueblo de Israel plasmada en un antiguo proverbio. La belleza y la sabiduría se encuentran unidas por una experiencia teológica y no únicamente estética; y en tal experiencia se puede reconocer al hombre sabio y bello que actúa con sensatez y eticidad con los demás.

У статті зроблена спроба привернути увагу фахівців до такого напряму економіки й розваг, як гральний бізнес. Описано розвиток i стан цього бізнесу в США, Росiйськiй Федерацiї й Українi. Наголошено на перспективності розвитку грального бізнесу в Україні.

Intense interest has long been shown in the nature of humankind. Are we the products of genes? Are we the products of culture? Or are we something in between? The Marxist position, stressing the dominant significance of social methods for studying humans, is sketched. Then, a number of Western, biologically influenced views are discussed and criticised. Although there are important insights in the writings of the holders of these views, ultimately they produce only a semiscience.

The article deals with the metaphysics of cognitive processes in media reality formation. Metaphysics reveals being and nothingness. Processes and discourse practices are regarded as cognitive processes. There is a distinction between media reality, hyper reality and virtual reality. The relationship between reality and information processes is being explored. The metaphysics of media-reality influences the existence of man and society, touches upon the value foundations of being and introduces the way to transform them. The metaphysical dimension of cognitive processes opens (...) up new forms of media reality impact on society. It is considered to be an integrative form uniting the representatives of different groups in achieving a specific goal. (shrink)

Aunque fueron contemporáneos, Borges y Wittgenstein nunca se conocieron, ni se citaron, ni se leyeron. Pero hay poderosas afinidades y conexiones entre ambos. Por ejemplo, al fin del Tractatus Wittgenstein entiende que hay que callar precisamente ahí porque se ha llegado a un punto en el que conceptual se subordina a lo poético. La idea de que la naturaleza estética del mundo no puede representarse por medio del lenguaje también es característica de Borges. El mar, los atardeceres, la llama de (...) una hoguera, por ejemplo, son la inminencia de una revelación que nunca se produce, son el hecho estético. La obra de Wittgenstein es estrictamente filosófica y al mismo tiempo literaria. Esa proposición parece verdadera también para el caso de la obra de Borges. (shrink)

Martha Nussbaum es fundamentalmente una filósofa política y moral que, cimentada en la tradición aristotélica, ha logrado integrar en unapostura teórica una visión de la justicia social con una perspectiva sobre la naturaleza y el cultivo de ciertas emociones morales que resultan apropiadas para edificar una nueva ciudadanía democrática. Para nuestra autora, la justicia no puede estar desligada del accionar de las personas en la vida cotidiana, por tanto, considera que este vínculo se puede materializar mediante el cultivo de las (...) emociones, las cuales se entienden como elementos claves de la vida moral que afinan nuestra percepción del mundo y orientan nuestras elecciones. Guiados por esta noción, en este artículo presentamos algunos aspectos fundamentales del pensamiento político de Nussbaum, mostrando la transición que la autora experimenta en sus teorías desde las posturas del liberalismo de Rawls hasta consolidar su propia visión de la “justicia compasiva”, la cual es unaforma concreta de apuntalar la norma pública que defiende cómo todas las personas merecen igual respeto y dignidad. En este recorrido igualmente reflexionaremos sobre la influencia de las posturas comunitaristas de finales del siglo XX en los ideales de ciudadanía de la filósofa de Chicago. (shrink)

This paper focuses on Brazilian contemporary philosophy and aims to introduce [i] the conceptual tools on the philosophical-theoretical plan, emphasizing the problem of the nature of Brazilian philosophy and taking the ideas of authoriality / originality as a starting point; [ii] the analytical tools on the epistemic-methodological plan, when associating the metaphilosophical methods, operating and giving expression to the philosophical ratio, and the intellectual history methods, when operating and giving expression to philosophy’s historical realization and the philosophical intelligentsia. The discussions (...) field is that of metaphilosophy, in the sense of philosophy of philosophy, when designing an argumentative course where metaphilosophy, history of philosophy and intellectual history go together. We will then have, in the intellectual history branch, in terms of the hypotheses to operate the historical processes, the formation and post-formation paradigms, and in the metaphilosophical branch, with focus on the ethos, in order to distinguish the different stances taken towards the European matrix in the XX-XXIst centuries, the attitudes of: alignment and reverence; assimilation and critical independence; ideological appropriation and political instrumentalization; suspicion and defenestration. (shrink)

In this article, I want to show that the concept “rationality”, which is important for the French school of epistemology of science, has a dual content and is not very successful. This is the main point of my polemic with Tatyana Sokolova. On the one hand, there seems to be general rationality in it, understood as a preference (in the broad sense) for benefits over costs. Benefits include true knowledge. On the other hand, there is a historical socio-cultural context in (...) which scientific knowledge arises and in which the parameters of practice are determined, which serves as the final instance for testing knowledge. At the same time, there are many such contexts in society, which I call human interfaces. The world, for its part, offers many of its interfaces as collections of interaction tools. When some interface of a person and some interface of the world assimilate each other, knowledge arises, that is confirmed by practice. It can be considered rational. But with a change in the sociocultural context, the human interface also changes, so that a search for new assimilation takes place. It is carried out by science. I agree with Tatyana Sokolova’s characterization of the progress of science, but I suggest at least differentiating the levels of rationality. One operates in the historical sociocultural locus, the other ensures the change of such loci and the adaptation of knowledge to them. I consider the progress of science to be an evaluative characteristic; no objectively recorded phenomenon corresponds to it. The disciplinary distinction of science is derived from the concepts of “object” and “method”, which have a performative content. (shrink)